What is Dichloroacetate used for?

Dichloroacetate, or DCA, is a synthetic chemical used for cosmetic and clinical purposes. It’s commercially available as a cauterizing agent, meaning it burns the skin. This drug became popular in 2007 after a Canadian study suggested DCA might be able to reverse cancer growth.

What is Dichloroacetate used for?

Dichloroacetate, or DCA, is a synthetic chemical used for cosmetic and clinical purposes. It’s commercially available as a cauterizing agent, meaning it burns the skin. This drug became popular in 2007 after a Canadian study suggested DCA might be able to reverse cancer growth.

What effect does Dichloroacetate have on the Warburg effect?

DCA reverses the Warburg effect in human tumor cells by inhibiting PDKs, re-activating PDC and OXPHOS and decreasing pyruvate and lactate levels, leading to decreased expression of HIF1α (Kankotia & Stacpoole, 2014).

What is sodium dichloroacetate?

Sodium dichloroacetate (DCA) is a mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase inhibitor, and is an orally absorbable small molecular compound for MELAS syndrome, and children with congenital lactic acidosis and other diseases that are treated in the clinic (Michelakis et al., 2008, 2010).

How is dichloroacetic acid manufactured?

The most common production method for dichloroacetic acid is the hydrolysis of dichloroacetyl chloride, which is produced by the oxidation of trichloroethylene. It can also be obtained by hydrolysis of pentachloroethane with 88–99% sulfuric acid or by oxidation of 1,1-dichloroacetone with nitric acid and air.

Is Dichloroacetate FDA approved?

US Food and Drug Administration Approval There is not enough evidence that dichloroacetate is effective in the fight against cancer, and it has not been approved by the FDA for cancer treatment.

Why is DCA toxic?

DCA appears to inhibit its own metabolism, which may influence the duration of its pharmacologic actions and lead to toxicity. DCA can cause a reversible peripheral neuropathy that may be related to thiamine deficiency and may be ameliorated or prevented with thiamine supplementation.

What is the molecular formula of dichloroacetic acid?

C2H2Cl2O2Dichloroacetic acid / Formula

What is fenbendazole used for?

Fenbendazole, [5-(phenylthio)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]carbamic acid methyl ester, is widely used to treat pinworms, other helminthes, and a variety of parasitic infections in laboratory animals, livestock, companion animals, and people (1–3).

Why is Dichloroacetate toxic?

The chronic use of dichloroacetate (DCA) for diabetes mellitus or hyperlipoproteinemias has been compromised by neurologic and other forms of toxicity. DCA is metabolized to glyoxylate, which is converted to oxalate and, in the presence of adequate thiamine levels, to other metabolites.

What does DCA administration lead to?

Dichloroacetate. Dichloroacetate (DCA) inhibition of PDK is a key step that leads to reestablishment of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation pathway as the main source for cell energy.

Is the Warburg effect real?

The Warburg effect has been confirmed in previous studies including those of DeBerardinis et al. [10], where cells were incubated under oxygenated conditions in 10 mM C-13-labelled glucose.

Can humans use fenbendazole?

Fenbendazole seems to be well tolerated in humans after oral exposure (single oral dose up to 2,000 mg/per person; 500 mg/per person for 10 consecutive days); however observations in humans are limited. Fenbendazole is of low acute toxicity after oral exposure. No acute exposure limit is available.

What cancers does fenbendazole treat?

Fenbendazole was found effective against not only regular types of NSCLC (non-small cell lung cancer) but also against a very common disease in humans (30% of all NSCLC cases) which, is very aggressive and hardly accessible with chemotherapy KRAS-mutant cancer.

What are the side effects of DCA?

Sedation, confusion, hallucinations, memory problems, mood changes, hand tremors. These side effects are temporary and appear to be dose-dependent and age-dependent. This finding is consistent with existing human research on DCA that we have reviewed.

What DCA stands for?

Dollar-cost averaging (DCA) is the automatic investment of a set monetary amount on a periodic basis.

What causes Warburg effect?

In tumors and other proliferating or developing cells, the rate of glucose uptake dramatically increases and lactate is produced, even in the presence of oxygen and fully functioning mitochondria. This process, known as the Warburg Effect, has been studied extensively (Figure 1).